What is the primary cause of dental caries and periodontal disease?

The primary cause of dental caries and periodontal disease is the bacteria found in biofilm, commonly referred to as plaque. Dental caries occurs when specific types of bacteria metabolize sugars and carbohydrates from food, producing acids that demineralize tooth enamel. If not adequately removed through proper oral hygiene practices, these bacteria thrive in the biofilm that forms on teeth and gums. Over time, the accumulation of this biofilm leads to decay in the tooth structure and inflammation in the surrounding periodontal tissues, resulting in periodontal disease.

While consumption of sugary beverages can contribute to the development of dental caries by providing the bacteria with the sugars they need to produce acids, it is the bacteria in the biofilm that are the underlying cause. Other factors, such as heavy metal exposure and lack of dental insurance, do not directly cause these dental diseases. Instead, they may affect overall health or access to care but are not fundamental causes of caries or periodontal issues.